Circulatory and respiratory system questions in text

Critical Thinking
6) If a woman whose blood is Rh-negative and contains anti-Rh antibodies is carrying a fetus with Rh-negative blood, will the fetus be in danger of developing erythroblastosis fetails? Why or why not?
Answer: Yes, because these antibodies called hemolysins, cross the placental membrane and destroy the fetal red blood cells.

Review Exercises:
3) Describe a red blood cell.
Answer: They are biconcave disks which mean that they are thin near the centers and thicker around their rims. This special shape is an adaption for the red blood cells function of transporting gases.

6) Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell.
Answer: Red blood cell formation initially occurs in the yolk sac, liver, and spleen. After an infant is born, these cells are produced almost exclusively by tissue lining the spaces in bones, filled with red blood marrow.

10) List two sources of iron that can be used for the synthesis of hemoglobin.
Answer: An iron protein complex called ferritin, and the biliverdin is converted into and orange pigment called bilirubin.

14) Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions.
Answer: Platelets or other known as thrombocytes, are not complete cells. They arise from very large cells in the red blood marrow, called megakyrocytes, that fragment a little like a shattered plate, releasing small sections of cytoplasm platelets into the circulation. Platelets help to repair damaged blood vessels by sticking to broken surfaces.

18) Distinguish between low-density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein.
Answer: Low density lipoproteins have a relatively high concentration of cholesterol and are the major cholesterol-carrying lipoproteins. High-density lipoproteins have a relatively high concentration of protein and a lower concentration of lipids.

27) List the major steps leading the formation of a blood clot.
Answer: Platelets stick to each other forming a platelet plug in the vascular break.
Break in the vessel wall, blood escaping through the break; platelets adhere to each other, to the end of the broken vessel, and exposed collagen, platelet plug helps control blood loss.

38) Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometime called a universal donor recipient?
Answer: Because they can receive a blood transfusion of any other type of blood.

39) Explain why a person with the blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor?
Answer: Because it contains both anti-A and anti-B.

Pages 647 and 648 Review Exercises: 2, 4, 6, 10, 19, and 36
2) Describe the Pericardium.
Answer: it is the closing that encloses the heart and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels to which it attaches.

4) Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart.
Answers: The heart is bordered laterally by the lungs, posteriorly by the spinal cord and anteriorly by the sternum. Its base, which is attached to several large blood vessels, lies beneath the second rib. Its distal end extends downward and to the left, terminating as bluntly pointed apex at the level of the fifth intercoastal space. It is divided into the pericardium, epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

6) Trace the path of blood through the heart
Answer: It goes from The blood from the systemic circuit into the vena cavae, to the right atrium, right ventricle pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, alveolar capillaries,, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, and the blood to systemic circuit.

10) Explain the origin of the heart sounds.
Answer: The sounds of the heart whenever the vibrations in the tissue are sped up or slowed down when the heart chambers contract or relax and when the valves open or close.

19) Describe the structure and function of a capillary.
Answer: Capillaries are the smallest diameter blood vessels. It also connects the arterioles and the smallest venules.

36) Describe the relationship between the major venous pathways and the major arterial pathways.
Answer:


Page 818
Review Exercises: 1, 3, 5, 9, 16, 22, 23, 31, 35, and 36


1) Describe the general functions of the respiratory system.
The movement of air in and out of your body, the exchange of gases between the air, the transport of gases, and oxygen utilization and production of carbon dioxide.

3) Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air.
Heat radiates from the blood to warm the air, and the mucous lining controls the air.

5) Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx.
The pharynx is at the back of the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and the larynx is at the superior of the trachea and the inferior of the pharynx.

9) List the successive branches of the bronchial tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli.
Secondary bronchus, bronchi, right and left primary bronchi, segmental bronchi, interlobular bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli.

16) Define surfactant, and explain its function.
A substance the lungs produce that reduces the surface of the tension within the alveoli.

22) Compare the mechanism of coughing and sneezing and explain the difference of each.
A sneeze clears the upper respiratory system, and a cough clears the lower ones.

23) Explain the function of yawing.
The low blood oxygen concentration somehow triggers the yawn reflex, prompting a very deep breath that ventilates alveoli.

31) Define hyperventilation, and explain how it affects the respiratory system.
Hyperventilation- is where it lowers the blood carbon dioxide concentration below normal. In a person this causes in irregular breathing.

35) Describe how oxygen is transported in blood.
As oxygen dissolves into the blood it rapidly combines with hemoglobin forming new oxygen called oxyhemoglobin.

36) List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood.